Investment relations between China and the European Union have become increasingly complex. After the approval of a framework to screen inbound foreign investment, which is particularly aimed at Chinese investors, the EU has proposed to reform the investor-state-dispute-settlement system, a move that could further complicate already fraught negotiations with Beijing over a bilateral investment protection agreement, as well as their dialogue on the Belt and Road Initiative’s implementation in Europe.
The EU recently laid out a blueprint for the creation of a multilateral investment court, a permanent body to settle cross-border controversies arising under existing and future investment treaties. It should supersede the current system based on ad hoc commercial arbitration, which the bloc believes is “not fit for purpose.”
Investment disputes between foreign actors and host countries are usually regulated by bilateral and multilateral agreements. In essence, the concerned parties pick the arbitration or litigation venue – usually a specialized investment tribunal established under rules set by the United Nations or the World Bank – and which law to apply.
Europe’s proposal is modeled after a new investment court system included in its free trade and investment protection agreements with Canada, Singapore, Vietnam and Mexico. China may be considering a different approach, promoting its own forums to resolve cross-border investment controversies, particularly those related to Chinese President Xi Jinping’s Belt and Road scheme to boost Eurasian integration and connectivity.
Last summer, the Supreme People’s Court of China (SPC) established two tribunals to resolve international commercial disputes, the first in Xi’an and the other in Shenzhen. They are intended to provide services and protection for the realization of the New Silk Roads, even though their jurisdiction, namely the type of cases they can accept, is greater than Belt and Road deals, as emphasized by Susan Finder, an expert on Chinese law at Peking University’s School of Transnational Law and a member of the SPC’s Expert Committee to the China International Commercial Courts.
Europe is an essential part of Xi’s Belt and Road strategy, and a significant recipient of Chinese foreign direct investment. Furthermore, the EU has its own stake in the Chinese mega-project. Many European states have joined the China-backed Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, which supports Belt and Road, while the European Investment Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development are co-financing some of its projects.
China’s Leading Group for Deepening Overall Reform, a political body chaired by Xi, stressed in January that the country’s international commercial courts were going to be shaped according to Chinese existing judicial, mediation and arbitration institutions. That could be cause for concern for the EU, which is seeking a neutral dispute settlement mechanism for cross-border investments, including possibly those related to Belt and Road.
Chinese courts are still in the making
Professor Finder, who pointed out she was not representing the Expert Committee or the SPC in her remarks to Asia Times, noted that “China International Commercial Courts’ operating rules have not been issued yet, so it is early days to say something about its operations.”
She stressed that the governing law for Belt and Road projects “depends on what the parties select and what local law requires, not necessarily English common law. For many of the deals already done, especially with more sophisticated parties, they will likely have an arbitration clause.”
The question is whether Belt and Road partners will agree to resolve a controversy through the two Chinese international commercial courts. Finder said that “what arbitration forum is selected depends on the bargaining power of the parties and where the deal is.”
She touched a raw nerve, as some speculate the jurisdiction of the Chinese international commercial courts will probably be accepted by those countries involved in the Belt and Road Initiative that have heavily benefited from Chinese loans and investments, including those in Europe.
David Yu, adjunct professor of finance at Shanghai’s New York University, said China’s international commercial courts should be judged in the long term, as they are new venues for dispute resolutions, and like all new endeavors, it will take some time to bring concerned parties to use them.
“The objectives and genesis of the new courts are to mainly ease the time and cost to come to a resolution. Some of this stems from the complexities of getting the infrastructure and construction expertise to adequately handle the disputes in a timely manner,” said Yu. “It will be difficult to bring folks in the beginning as there is no track record of rulings, but with more time and cases resolved, the foreign partners will hopefully be more comfortable with the Chinese courts.”
The same happened with other China-based arbitration centers, such as the Shenzhen Court of International Arbitration, which has now gained acceptance, insisted Yu.
Could the two systems coexist?
As to whether China should support the EU’s bid for a multilateral investment court, Yu said that newer and better systems of resolution were always a good thing and should be supported.
Some suggest the new Chinese international commercial courts could coexist with a permanent multilateral investment tribunal, as only commercial disputes would be within their jurisdiction. This means that investor-state dispute settlement cases arising from treaties would be excluded, and only cases arising out of contracts between an investor and a host government could be covered by the courts in Xi’an and Shenzhen.
But Chinese investments in Europe under the Belt and Road framework, and potential disputes that could arise from them, are nonetheless a problem for the EU grouping, which only the finalization of a bilateral investment agreement could help to solve. The 19th round of talks on the issue took place in Beijing last October. The two sides said they had made progress on both state-to-state and investor-to-state dispute settlement, but the reality is that this process has been dragging on since 2013.
More problems for the CCP. The world has gotten wise to these crooks.
More problems for the CCP. The world has gotten wise to these crooks.
The title to this article is all wrong. Up to this point, (think TPP, etc.), the only arbitration courts were western, based on English common law and under the influence of US and the west. China has simply developed an alternative arbitration court system based on Asian principles. As the author states, it’s up to the contract parties to decide what arbitration system they want. There is no "bump in the BRI plan". Kudos to China for putting together the alternative system.
The title to this article is all wrong. Up to this point, (think TPP, etc.), the only arbitration courts were western, based on English common law and under the influence of US and the west. China has simply developed an alternative arbitration court system based on Asian principles. As the author states, it’s up to the contract parties to decide what arbitration system they want. There is no "bump in the BRI plan". Kudos to China for putting together the alternative system.
No point in using European venues. They can’t stand up to US pressure.
Swift, nominally an european entity, defied their own European governments to block access to Iran to implement US sanctions.
That says to me they don’t have control over their own institutions and are hopeless infiltrated with US agents.
No point in using European venues. They can’t stand up to US pressure.
Swift, nominally an european entity, defied their own European governments to block access to Iran to implement US sanctions.
That says to me they don’t have control over their own institutions and are hopeless infiltrated with US agents.
Taiwan government lost their legitimacy due to wrong domestic policy that deprived the likelihood of farmers through allowing massive importing of Japanese and SE Asia produce, jeopardizing fishermen their fishing ground by agreeing to US and Japanese interpretation of Chinese territorial water. They thought the opposition party was dismantled for good by their draconian ruling confiscating their assets and their position in all field of society from education to government link corporations. Many of their member go all out to grab whatever they like thinking they are untouchable in the island. Until the awaken voters gave them the boot at that faithful November 24th morning. DPP should review why all the appointed officials in every ministry failed to perform antagonizing the voters, instead of fooling around blaming Beijing interference. For once, review why Japanese right wing and US neocon advises to distance mainland interaction and appointment of their key guys in the government are not working for the ordinary people in Taiwan.
Taiwan government lost their legitimacy due to wrong domestic policy that deprived the likelihood of farmers through allowing massive importing of Japanese and SE Asia produce, jeopardizing fishermen their fishing ground by agreeing to US and Japanese interpretation of Chinese territorial water. They thought the opposition party was dismantled for good by their draconian ruling confiscating their assets and their position in all field of society from education to government link corporations. Many of their member go all out to grab whatever they like thinking they are untouchable in the island. Until the awaken voters gave them the boot at that faithful November 24th morning. DPP should review why all the appointed officials in every ministry failed to perform antagonizing the voters, instead of fooling around blaming Beijing interference. For once, review why Japanese right wing and US neocon advises to distance mainland interaction and appointment of their key guys in the government are not working for the ordinary people in Taiwan.
Troubles in EU will confuse normal minds to think objectively whether they should bump into China BRI or bet on the successes of US-Japan- India New Silk Road.
Troubles in EU will confuse normal minds to think objectively whether they should bump into China BRI or bet on the successes of US-Japan- India New Silk Road.