Although over 2 million Ahmadiyyas living in Pakistan follow the teachings of Quran, they are regarded as non-Muslims after a constitutional amendment passed over 40 years ago. Today they are the most discriminated among minorities in Pakistan where police, clerics and courts often act in tandem against them. This peace-loving community is also being increasingly targeted by Muslim hardliners. The anti-Ahmadiyya campaign is gathering momentum in Britain too which is home to around 25,000 Ahmadiyyas
Dr Khaliq Bashir, 45, belonging to the Ahmadiyya community, was standing outside his clinic in Pakistan’s port city of Karachi late on Monday (June 20) night when a motorcyclist shot him dead.
On June 5, another Ahmadi doctor Hameed Ahmed, 65, was shot dead outside his house in Darul Islam Colony in Attock by two unidentified men.
These two recent killings are the latest of countless targeted attacks on the Ahmadiyya community and the incidents have triggered yet another wave of fear among them.
Pakistan is home to most of the world’s Ahmadiyyas; an estimated two to four million Ahmadiyyas live there. Given the identification of the Pakistani state with Sunni Islam, all non-Sunnis including Shias, Ismailis, Hindus and Christians are discriminated against.
“But the discrimination that Ahmadiyyas face is unmatched,” a Lahore-based Ahmadiyya writer told Asia Times via email. Ahmadiyyas are Pakistan’s most persecuted minority.
Ahmadiyyas identify themselves as Muslim. Like other Muslims, they follow the teachings of the Quran and regard Mohammed as their prophet. However, they consider Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835-1908), a Muslim preacher from Qadian in Punjab, to be not only a prophet, albeit one of less importance than Mohammed, but also a mahdi (Redeemer of Islam, as guided by Allah).
This irks Muslims – Shias and Sunnis alike – who accuse Ahmadiyyas of denigrating Prophet Muhammad by not regarding him the “Seal of the Prophets” and according Mirza Ghulam Ahmad the status of mahdi. Muslim clerics say it is the “duty” of Muslims to kill Ahmadiyyas.
Mass violence against Ahmadiyas began early in the history of independent Pakistan. In 1953, around 200 Ahmadiyyas were killed in mass violence targeting members of the community and their property. In 1974, the Pakistani government amended the Constitution to declare Ahmadiyyas non-Muslims. It defined a Muslim “…as a person who believes in the finality of the Prophet Muhammad.”
General Zia-ul Haq’s military regime took this further. In 1984, it prohibited Ahmadiyyas from “indirectly or directly posing as a Muslim,” declaring or propagating their faith publicly, and building mosques or even referring to their places of worship as mosques. They were forbidden from making the Muslim call to prayer.
Pakistan’s “blasphemy law” gave “new teeth to those targeting Ahmadiyas,” the writer said. The Ahmadiyya belief in the prophethood of Ahmad could be considered blasphemous as it “defiles the name of Prophet Mohammed.” Blasphemy is punishable with death sentence in Pakistan.
Such institutionalization of discrimination and violence has resulted in Ahmadiyyas and their property being targeted routinely in Pakistan.
Police, clerics and courts often act in tandem, the writer said, adding that local clerics are known to call for the killing of Ahmadiyyas, sanctioning it as a “pious act.” A ‘hit list’ issued by the Aalami Majlis Tahaffuz Khatme Nabuwwat and the All Pakistan Students Khatme Nabuwwat Federation in 2010, for instance, included the names of 50 prominent Ahmadiyyas. At least five of those who figured in the list were killed, the writer said.
No action is ever taken against those issuing such ‘hit lists’ or attacking Ahmadiyyas. Rarely has anyone been convicted by the courts in a case against an Ahmadiyya, he said.
In addition to the rising frequency of attacks against Ahmadiyyas since the 1980s, the intensity of violence too is growing. In 2010, extremists attacked two Ahmadiyya mosques in Lahore during Friday prayers killing around a hundred people.
Ahmadiyyas are targets of hate crimes in other countries as well. Although they are not declared non-Muslim in Bangladesh, publication and sale of books on Islam by the community is banned there.
In India, Ahmadiyyas are recognized as Muslim; a 1970 high court verdict reaffirmed this by declaring that Ahmadiyyas are Muslims as they believe in two of the basic tenets of Islam i.e. that there is no God but Allah and that Mohammed is His messenger. Still, Indian Ahmadiyyas suffer discrimination and social ostracism by other Muslims in the country.
The anti-Ahmadiyya campaign is gathering momentum in Britain too, which is home to around 25,000 Ahmadiyyas. Pamphlets describing them as “dual infidelists” or those who try to pass off their kufr (disbelief in God) as Islam and as being “worse than apostates” have been distributed in London in recent years. These call for the killing of Ahmadiyyas. In March this year, an Ahmadiyya shopkeeper was killed by a Sunni Muslim for “disrespecting Islam.”
Ahmadiyyas take pride in being a peace-loving community. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is believed to have prioritized the non-military forms of jihad and called for Islam’s propagation through speech and writing, persuasion rather than coercion.
“We are being targeted by Islamic radicals not just for our faith but for our opposition to violence and armed jihad,” the writer said.
This could see the community coming under increasing attack from Muslim hardliners in the coming years.
Dr Sudha Ramachandran is an independent journalist/researcher based in Bengaluru, India, who writes on South Asian political and security issues. She can be reached at sudha.ramachandran@live.in
(Copyright 2016 Asia Times Holdings Limited, a duly registered Hong Kong company. All rights reserved. Please contact us about sales, syndication and republishing.)
The British did their best to impose an Islamo-Christian caste system on India. (The word caste, itself comes from the Portuguese word "Casta" of whih there is no equivalent in any native Indian language) They succeeded beyond their wildest dreams through their stooges and the Indian Constitution.
The European feudal caste system is clearly visible in any European country such as Britain.
Here is Pakistan’s caste system playing out:
Pakistan and India were born to the British on the wrong side of their blanket. Pakistan’s step mother is a Punjabi Moslem that thinks it is a Sunni Arab. India’s step mother is a Dalit that thinks it is a Moslem. This leaves a residual Bangla Desh very confused. Budhist Burma and Srilanka are fighting to hold their Dharmic integrity safe from the insanity that afflicts the rest of the Imperial residue..
Pakistan has nearly eradicated Hindus, Budhists, Parsis and has begun work on Christians, Ahmadiyas and Shias cannot escape. Non Punjabi Sunnis will be next as we saw in Bengal and we are witnessing in Balochistan.
There is a strict and implicit sense of racial superiority inherent in Islam and a caste system as we have seen time and again. Arabs are top dogs, but inter se, various tribes are superior to others.
Turkey carried out Islam everywhere, but, most notoriously in Armenia. Saudi Arabia in Qatif. Daesh (ISIL to Obama, ISIS to you and Islam to the friendly neighbourhood Mulla) is doing so on the Yazidi.
Pakistan is a perfect test tube. The Punjabi is the top dog there by virtue of dominating the Army. “The Sultan” (or soldier). Sindhis purchase second position with “Jaziya” the rest are used as serfs. Pakistan performed Islam in Bangla Desh (1970-71) and is presently carrying out Islam in Balochistan, Gilgit-Baltistan Chital, Hindus, Parsis, Christians, Kalat and lesser Moslems such as Women, Shias and Ahmadiyas. . The Turkey and CIA backed Daesh(ISIL to Obama, ISIS to some and Islam to most Moslems) is carrying out Islam on the Yazidi.
Essentially, the same inequality under law and exceptions to the rule of law enshrined by the British and their stooges in the Indian Constitution by the British as a Nouveau Caste system will disinetegrate Pakistan.It already began with Bangla Desh. But much faster than India, Remember the Punjabi Moslem Army carrying out Islam on the Bengalis? because the Sultan, by definition, is the most extreme Moslem.because the Sultan, by definition, is the most extreme Moslem.