A coup attempt is an orphan unless it succeeds. Therefore, all we can say is that a coup was in the making in Jordan. In a televised news conference on Sunday in Amman, all that Deputy Prime Minister Ayman Safadi would admit was that “these were efforts that threatened Jordan’s security and stability, and these efforts were foiled.”
He disclosed that “extensive investigations carried out by Jordan’s security forces” concluded that Hamzeh bin Hussein, the half-brother of King Abdullah II, Sharif Hasan, a member of the royal family, and Bassem Awadullah, a former senior official in the royal court and special Jordanian representative to the Saudi government, had engaged in activities that amounted to “promoting sedition.”
Safadi added: “The investigations had monitored interferences and communications with foreign parties over the right timing to destabilize Jordan.”
He went on to drop a bombshell that the activities included cultivating relationships with members of the Jordanian opposition abroad and there was also evidence of a person with foreign ties offering services to Hamzeh’s wife, including the immediate use of a private jet to leave Jordan. (That person has since been identified as an Israeli.)
The regional reactions are rather illuminating. Qatar, Turkey and Iran reacted swiftly by supporting Jordan’s stability. King Salman of Saudi Arabia and Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman reached out to King Abdullah of Jordan.
Interestingly, the Saudi establishment daily Asharq Al-Awsat highlighted that the “Arab world threw its support behind King Abdullah II and the measures taken to preserve Jordan’s security and stability.”
The daily listed the reactions of the Arab world – Egypt, Oman, Bahrain, Lebanon, Kuwait, Qatar, Yemen, Palestine, Morocco and the secretaries-general of the Arab League and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). But it left out one country – the United Arab Emirates.
The UAE’s reserve
Of course, in that part of the world, hints and innuendos matter. Saudi Arabia’s keenness to distance itself from what happened and the great concern for Jordan’s stability on the part of Qatar, Turkey and Iran on one side and the UAE’s reserve in comparison on the other side add up to something.
Turkey once explicitly alleged that the coup attempt in 2016 to overthrow President Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s government was stage-managed from the UAE. Turkey pointedly named Mohammed Dahlan, the ex-Fatah intelligence chief who used to be a key interlocutor for the US Central Intelligence Agency and Mossad and now lives in the UAE under state protection.
Dahlan’s name will most certainly crop up up here too at some point. The point is, about 70% of Jordan’s population is of Palestinian origin and generally they are well integrated into Jordanian society. Leading Palestinian businessmen play a key role in the Jordanian economy.
What needs to be understood is that the Israeli right has always dreamed about a “confederative solution” between a State of Palestine and the Kingdom of Jordan as the best way to prevent a two-state solution and to dump that idea in the dustbin of history.
But the glaring reality happens to be that 7 million Jews and 5.5 million Arabs live between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River, a reality in which Palestinians keep demanding their national rights in opposition to Israeli occupation – rights that are being recognized by the entire world; and a geopolitical reality that, given Israel’s size and economy, will eternally remain highly dependent on the world, primarily the United States, unless a solution is found in Jordan.
Added to that, as the new American president Joe Biden revisits the Palestinian problem, there is indeed a new sense of urgency to bury the two-state-solution formula conclusively.
The ‘bridge’
Jordan is a geopolitical conundrum. One marvels how, amid such contradictions, it managed to survive at all. It dexterously presented itself all this while as the “bridge” between Israel and the Arab world and brilliantly succeeded in cultivating strong ties with several US administrations. Unfortunately, however, the Abraham Accords between Israel and the Arab countries has rendered that “bridge” obsolete.
Without doubt, Israel and the UAE would have been the winners if the coup in Amman had succeeded. King Abdullah had openly sparred with former US president Donald Trump and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu over the proposed Israeli plans to annex the West Bank and bypass the Palestinians in a bid for normalizing Israeli ties with the rest of the Arab world.
Again, if the coup had succeeded, Jordan would have joined the UAE to normalize ties with Israel and a “confederate solution” to the Palestinian problem might have become a real possibility – especially with Dahlan, who enjoys wide networking with the Palestinian elites living in Jordan, as the kingmaker.
Geopolitically, such a Jordan, co-opted into the Emirati-Israeli orbit, would have been a springboard for projection of power into Syria and Iraq (and beyond, to Turkey and Iran as well).
The UAE has already opened its embassy in Damascus and is in league with the Kurdish groups (who are of course no strangers to Israeli intelligence). Thus it is a hugely symbolic gesture that Abu Dhabi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed received Iraqi Prime Minister Mustafa al-Kadhimi and his accompanying delegation at the presidential airport in the emirate on Sunday.
Kadhimi, a former intelligence chief in the mold of Dahlan, is now executing an American agenda to roll back Iran’s influence in Iraq. If he were to be a key interlocutor for the UAE sheikh, it would be to Israel’s advantage.
Remaking the Middle East
Kadhimi’s visit to the UAE came after his trip to Saudi Arabia last week, during which Riyadh said it would increase investments in Iraq by fivefold to US$2.67 billion. Clearly, a “regime change” in Jordan at this juncture dovetails into the grand designs of the UAE and Israel for the remaking of the Muslim Middle East.
In a historical context, Jordanian nationalism was formed as both a pan-Arab (rather than state) identity and as a relationship between Arabs and family rulers (the Hashemites) rather than just a relationship between citizens and a single, bordered state.
Over time, in the past several decades, the Palestinian link grew to symbolize an increasing source of tension in the attempts of modern Jordan to define its nationalism and fit it into the official concept of nationhood. The underlying predicament is that nationhood would not emerge without political cohesion.
That is why the roots of nationalism in Jordan are critically dependent on stability and power. Abdullah formed personal networks that enmeshed disparate tribes to the monarchy via security and other institutions. Rania Al-Abdullah, the queen consort of Jordan, is the daughter of a Palestinian couple, her father being from Tulkarm in the West Bank.
The bottom line is that the tense relations between Abdullah and Netanyahu “reflect two different security and political approaches in the Middle East,” as the Middle East Eye (MEE) wrote recently.
Netanyahu’s plans
Netanyahu feels insecure over President Biden’s intentions. On the other hand, it is expedient for his own political future if he panders to his far-right allies’ notions of a Greater Israel and full Israeli control over the eastern mountains of the Jordan Valley (which they believe are part of the biblical kingdoms of Judea and Samaria), the destruction of the sacred Al-Aqsa Mosque in East Jerusalem (which they believe is located where the Second Jewish Temple once stood and which they want to replace with a Third Jewish Temple), and so on.
Basically, Abdullah blocked Trump’s so-called “deal of the century” for a settlement of the Palestine problem on Israeli terms. But Netanyahu hit back by ramming through the Abraham Accords, circumventing the Palestinians and Jordan, showing thereby that he could make peace with Arab states directly.
And Netanyahu has plans to annex two-thirds of the West Bank, including the Jordan Valley, an area rich in water and minerals – and sees Jordan as a solution for that.
He must hurry, since Biden may have other plans.
This article was produced in partnership by Indian Punchline and Globetrotter, which provided it to Asia Times.
M K Bhadrakumar is a former Indian diplomat.